alcohol testicles injection what does that do to the testicles

• Research
• Open Admission
• Published: 14 October 2014

Alcohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chloride non-surgical sterilization in dogs

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica volume 56, Commodity number:62 (2014) Cite this article

• 10k Accesses

• 12 Citations

• 28 Altmetric

• Metrics details

Abstract

Background

Surgical castration is widely used to sterilize male dogs, merely has significant impacts on time to perform the operation, recovery of the animals as well every bit toll, which can limit population control programs. Previous research has shown intratesticular injection of calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl_ii) in saline to be a promising alternative to surgery. However, long-term azoospermia was not maintained at dosages low enough to avoid side effects. In the search for an optimized formulation, the current investigation is the first study on long-term sterilization effects of intratesticular injection of CaCl_ii in either lidocaine solution or alcohol in dogs. CaCl₂ at twenty% concentration in lidocaine solution or booze was administered via intratesticular injection to groups of 21 dogs each. The treated animals were examined at 2, half-dozen, and 12 months for sperm product, blood levels of testosterone, and side furnishings; at time zero and 12 months for testicular size and semen volume. The experimentally treated animals were compared to a control group receiving saline injection only.

Results

Testicles of dogs treated with CaCl₂ in either diluent significantly decreased in size. Afterward administration of CaCl_ii in lidocaine solution, sterility was accomplished for at least 12 months in 75% of treated dogs. However, optimal long-term contraceptive effectiveness was accomplished with CaCl_ii in booze, which resulted in azoospermia over the 12-month study period. Testosterone levels significantly decreased following treatment with CaCl_ii, and sexual activeness disappeared. Although testosterone returned to baseline levels past 12 months for the grouping treated with CaCl_two in lidocaine, dogs injected with CaCl₂ in alcohol had a 63.6% drop in testosterone level, which remained at the low stop of physiological range throughout the written report. No agin effects were noted.

Conclusions

A unmarried, bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl₂ in 95% ethanol was a reliable method for induction of sterilization in 18-28 kg male person dogs in this study. The approach showed long-term efficacy and reduced sexual behavior. This chemical method of sterilization might provide an effective, efficient culling to surgical castration that tin accept positive impacts on dog welfare.

Background

Canine overpopulation remains a problem facing many countries throughout the globe. Alternative methods to surgical sterilization that are effective, piece of cake to administer, safe, and affordable would offer immense benefits, allowing animate being welfare organizations, public health programs, and governments to reach further with limited resources [1].

An intratesticular injection of calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl_two) in solution represents a promising method for not-surgical sterilization [ii]-[seven]. A previous dose-decision study reported that a twenty% solution of CaCl₂ in saline demonstrated adept long-term efficacy without the undesirable side furnishings that occurred with higher dosages [2]. These findings partially confirmed the results of curt-term, histology-based studies on CaCl_ii by other investigators who used a twenty% concentration [three],[5]-[7]. However, when 20% CaCl₂ in saline solution, as typically used for sterilization, was evaluated for efficacy over a longer period, the outcome was non permanent: sperm production returned in some of the treated dogs, and testosterone levels increased to baseline levels by 12 months post-obit injection [two]. For CaCl₂ to be used effectively for canine sterilization, the formulation must be optimized to ensure permanent azoospermia.

The effectiveness of CaCl₂ every bit a sterilizing amanuensis may be augmented by the diluent used in the formulation. The primeval published abstruse on the use of intratesticular injection of CaCl_two for sterilization in a variety of animals reported that aqueous solutions permitted higher concentrations, but tinctures in lxxx%-99% alcohol had the advantages of less hurting, less peripheral inflammation, and more consistent results [8]. Intratesticular administration of a tincture of CaCl₂ in ethanol in dogs was reported to accept anesthetic properties, in comparing with saline solutions of CaCl₂[4]. Also, alcohol is known to have independent utility every bit a sterilant. In 1998, Yoon and Yoon [9] found that chemic castration with alcohol alone was as effective as orchiectomy in reducing testosterone levels in blood of rats. Furthermore, a unmarried injection of 95% ethanol directly into the vas deferens caused atrophy of the cauda epididymis. Extensive necrosis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements were conspicuous [10], with irreversible obstructive necrosis [11],[12].

In improver, solutions of CaCl_ii in other diluents have been used. Samanta and Jana reported on the effectiveness of lidocaine derivatives equally diluents for CaCl₂ chemosterilization in dogs and cats [5]-[7]. For example, using ane% lignocaine hydrochloride as a base for intratesticular injections of CaCl₂ in dogs resulted in complete degeneration of germ cells in a 45-day trial [6]. The investigators reported that these changes may have been due to the necrotizing properties of CaCl_ii and/or the significant reduction in intratesticular and claret levels of testosterone.

Despite the promising results on the use of CaCl₂ as a nonsurgical sterilization method, little is known about long-term effectiveness or impact on dog wellness and behavior. This lack of information has hampered the widespread awarding of CaCl_ii to address the trouble of domestic dog overpopulation.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the long-term (i.due east., one year) efficacy of intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl₂ in booze versus lidocaine for the relative power to halt sperm product and reduce blood levels of testosterone in dogs. We hypothesized a greater effectiveness for one or both formulations, as compared to historical use of xx% CaCl_two in saline lone.

Methods

Animals

For the study, 52 healthy, owned, mixed-breed male dogs living in a shelter were selected. The dogs were ii to half-dozen years of age (hateful = 3.5 years, SD = 1.1 years) and weighed 18 to 28 kg (hateful = 22.9 kg, SD = 2.93 kg). Good health status was confirmed past routine blood testing and clinical examination. To assess the fertility of the dogs, an andrological examination (including concrete and ultrasonographic examination and evaluation of semen quality) was performed before the outset of the study. Every dog showed sexual interest when exposed to a bitch in oestrus.

Dogs were routinely de-wormed and vaccinated. The dogs were housed in individual shelters, fed standard commercial dog food twice per twenty-four hours, given water advertisement libitum, and non subjected to changes in habits during the report. Dogs were housed in groups of three in a comfortable master enclosure with outdoor runs. Indoor space had temperature maintained in a higher place 15°C and beneath 26°C and relative humidity ranging from 30% to 70%.

Investigations were conducted in accord with the Principles for the Care and Use of Research Animals, promulgated past the European union. The Italian Ministry of Health (Progetto di Ricerca corrente 2009 IZS SI 11/09: "Randagismo applicazione e valutazione di metodi innovativi per il controllo delle nascite") approved this written report.

Experimental protocol

At day 0 (T₀), the animals were randomly assigned to three groups using a random number table: two experimental groups (A and B) of 21 dogs each and a control group (C) of 10 dogs. The first author was aware of grouping consignment, but technicians collecting data on the subjects were blind to condition. Semen evaluation and collection of blood samples were performed. After, dogs were lightly sedated with an intramuscular (IM) injection of 5-10 mg of acepromazine maleate (Prequillan, Fatro, Italian republic) per 10 kg of torso weight. The testicular widths were measured with a caliper. According to the scrotal width, the right dosage of solution was injected into each testicle (see "Grooming and intratesticular injection of CaCl₂ solution"). Dogs in grouping A were injected with CaCl_two in a solution containing one% lidocaine chlorhydrate. Dogs in group B were injected with CaCl₂ in alcohol. Dogs in group C were injected with a saline solution.

At ii, 6, and 12 months (T₁, T₂, T₃, respectively), semen evaluation was performed, and blood samples were taken for testosterone evaluation. At 12 months (T₃), testicular width was measured. Throughout the trial, the dogs were under clinical ascertainment.

Training and intratesticular injection of CaCl2 solution

To prepare the solution containing 20% CaCl₂ and one% lidocaine, xx g of CaCl_two dihydrate pulverization (Sigma Aldrich Corporation) was added to a final book of 100 mL with a 1% solution of lidocaine chlorhydrate (Salp spa, Italy), mixed, and sterilized in Falcon tubes.

The alcohol solution of 20% CaCl2 dihydrate was prepared as follows: 20 thou of CaCl2 dihydrate powder (Sigma Aldrich Corporation) was brought to a last volume of 100 mL of 95% ethanol (Baker Analyzed ACS, JT Baker), mixed, and sterilized in Falcon tubes.

The dogs received a single, bilateral intratesticular injection of solution (Figure 1) proportional to testicular width: animals with scrotal diameters of xix-22 millimeters (mm) wide received 0.8 mL injections, whereas animals with scrotal diameters of at least 23 mm wide received 1 mL injections [2].

Effigy one

Intratesticular injection. Photo shows procedure of unmarried, bilateral intratesticular injection of 1 mL of 20% CaCl₂ in ethanol for sterilization of mature male dogs. Each injection was performed using a sterile 22-estimate needle that was directed from the ventral attribute of each testis approximately 0.5 cm from the epididymal tail towards the cranial aspect of that testis. The solution was carefully deposited along the entire road past linear infiltration, while withdrawing needle from proximal to distal end.

Full size paradigm

Semen volume, total sperm count and move

Semen was collected by digital manipulation of the penis using plastic cones (artificial vaginas) (IMV Technologies, Italia) into sterile graduated tubes at 37°C [ii],[xiii],[fourteen]. Ejaculate volume was measured to include all three semen fractions obtained. Within 30-60 min semen was examined by reckoner-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) (IVOS Version 12.2; Hamilton Thorne Biosciences Inc., Beverly, MA, U.s.), which was validated for a large range of sperm counts [15],[16]. Total sperm count and motility were obtained. Results were confirmed by optical microscopy evaluation.

Assay for serum testosterone

To make up one's mind testosterone levels at time intervals T₀ to T₃, dogs received subcutaneous (SC) injections of ane,000 international units (I.U.) of homo chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (Creative Biomart, CD, Inc.) [2],[17]. At 120 min after the hCG injections, blood was collected as previously described [2]. Testosterone was measured by a chemiluminescence technique (Immulite Immunoassay System, Siemens).

Routine clinical observations

All the animals were kept under routine clinical observations from T₀ to T₃. After the chemical sterilization process, continuous observations were conducted for the first 72 hours, followed by daily observations for up to 15 days, followed past observations every bit indicated past the report protocol. The parameters evaluated during clinical observation included physiological data (respiratory rate, salivation, body weight, appetite, rectal temperature, etc.), response to palpation, posture, phonation, mental condition (submissive, etc.). Behaviors indicative of pain or discomfort, sexual behavior (mounting) and aggressive beliefs (growling, snapping) were advisedly evaluated [18].

Measurement of testicular width

Scrotal width was used equally an index of testicular size [19]. At T₀ and T₃, widths (mm) of the right and left testes were measured using laboratory calipers. Information were expressed equally a mean betwixt the width of left and right testicles.

Statistical analyses

All data were summarized for each individual canine field of study past measurement (weight, testosterone level, semen book, full sperm count, sperm movement, testicular width), group (A, B, C), and time point (T₀, T_ane, T₂, T₃) using the Microsoft Excel 2011 program (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA). The boilerplate of the testicular width measurements were used for analysis. These data were described in terms of the boilerplate and standard divergence (SD) and presented as mean ± SD in the results for brevity.

Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistica (StatSoft, Inc. Tulsa, OK, Usa). Repeated measures of assay of variance (ANOVA), with Time every bit the within factor and Grouping every bit the betwixt gene, were used to evaluate the measurements in the iii groups (A-C) across 4 fourth dimension points (T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃) for testosterone, total sperm count and motion, or two time points (T₀ and T_three) for semen volume and testicular width. If the effect of the overall examination showed significance, so planned comparisons were conducted. Dunnett'southward examination for comparing to a control group was used, as well as univariate or multivariate planned comparisons to decide if the measures changed after treatment and if the treated groups differed from the control group. A two-tailed significance level of P < 0.05 was identified.

Results

Routine clinical observation

Before the injection of sterilant or command saline, the mean weight of the dogs was 22.8 ± 2.9kg. No changes in torso weight during the trial were observed. For all dogs, values for hematology and clinical chemical science consistently remained within reference ranges.

All animals in the study tolerated the intratesticular injections of CaCl₂. Pain parameters did non differ during the study for near dogs. A few dogs, still, showed signs of minor pain at needle puncture of the scrotum during the injection: two% of dogs injected with either CaCl_two in booze, lidocaine solution, or normal saline had abdominal muscle contraction, and 1% vocalized. The minor transient discomfort probably was caused past needle puncture of the scrotum or fluid force per unit area over the testicular sheathing. Scrotal ultrasonography (USG) revealed a hypoechoic intratesticular surface area, respective to a collection of the injected fluid (Figure two).

Figure 2

Scrotal ultrasonography after intratesticular injection of CaCl _ii . A hypoechoic intratesticular area corresponding to a collection of the injected fluid was observed.

Full size epitome

Fifty-fifty if the injection was performed advisedly, seepage occurred in a few dogs. Withal, the solution was wiped away immediately with dry out gauze, and no adverse effects were noticed after the seepage.

During the beginning two weeks later on the CaCl₂ injection, the dogs in groups A and B and the control dogs (group C) did non feel whatsoever agitation, fever, or marked inflammatory swelling of the testis or changes in evaluated parameters. No adverse side effects were noticed at the two-week catamenia. However, beginning after 24 hours post-obit injection and continuing for the first iii-iv days, a slight increase in compactness of testes on palpation was noticed in dogs in groups A and B and the control dogs (group C); the increased compactness was slightly more than noticeable in dogs in group A. From 1 week to approximately one.5 months in dogs in groups A and B, atrophy of the testes gradually progressed, leaving a small-scale fibrotic remnant. An interference with sexual behavior (i.eastward., loss of libido, mounting and dominance beliefs) and aggression was observed in groups A and B post-obit treatment. In contrast, no testicular changes or amending of beliefs were observed in the control group, C.

Total sperm count, sperm motion and semen volume

At T_0, the mean total sperm count (x10^vi) was 346.2 ± 33.9 in group A, 348.four ± 32.4 in group B, and 335.9 ± 34.nine in the control grouping. Assay of variance procedures indicated a significant interaction of Group and Time for full sperm count (F = 276; P < 0.001). Farther analyses revealed that this upshot was due to reduced total sperm count for experimentally treated dogs, just non for the control dogs. No pregnant variation in total sperm count was noticed at T_ane, T_2, and T₃ in the control group that had received saline injection (F = ane.8; P = 0.18) (340 ± 23.3; 313.5 ± twoscore.5; 311.4 ± 21.4, respectively).

Although full sperm count in the experimental groups A and B did not differ from that of the control grouping C at baseline T₀ (F = 0.94; P = 0.338), both experimental groups had significantly lower full sperm count than did the controls at T₁-T₃ (F = 11476; P < 0.001).

In groups A and B, all dogs were azoospermic at T_one and T_two. At T₃, 17 (81%) dogs in group A were azoospermic, and four dogs (19%) were severely oligospermic (xl.5 ± 5.i), exhibiting just 5% motility (Table one). The hateful total sperm count in dogs of group A at T₃ was 7.vii ± xvi.4. At T_three, all dogs of grouping B were azoospermic. According to statistical assay, a meaning reduction was observed in total sperm counts after intratesticular injection of CaCl_two to dogs in group A (F = 2220; p < 0.001) and B (F = 2283; P < 0.009) (Table i).

Tabular array ane Effects of intratesticular injection of calcium chloride on reproductive parameters at 1 yr post-injection

Full size table

At T₀, motility was 90% in group A, 95% in group B, and eighty% in the control group (C). Sperm motility in the command group was lxxx% at all times tested (T₁-T₃). Of the 42 treated dogs, only iv that were injected with CaCl₂ in lidocaine had five% sperm motion (Table 1). Statistical analysis was not possible due to a lack of variability in the information.

Ejaculate volume was non significantly different across groups at T₀ (Group A: 2.98 ± 0.55; Group B: 3.xv ± 0.68; Grouping C: three.45 ± 0.51). Analysis revealed a significant Time by Grouping interaction (F = 46.two, P < 0.001) in which the groups treated with CaCl₂ had lower semen volume at T_three than the control group C (F = 63.five, P < 0.001) (Group A: 2.36 ± 0.53; Group B: ane.64 ± 0.55; Group C: 3.50 ± 0.51). Semen volumes in both group A (F = 39.5, P < 0.001) and grouping B (F = 239.9, P < 0.001) were significantly reduced from T₀ to T₃.

Analysis of serum testosterone

At T₀, the hateful values of testosterone levels (ng/dL) were 456.two ± 132.4 in group A, 454.6 ± 159.9 in grouping B, and 721.2 ± 176.2 in the control grouping (C). For all dogs tested, testosterone values remained within physiological range (100-chiliad ng/dL) [17] throughout the grade of the study, although a single intratesticular injection of CaCl_two was sufficient to subtract plasma testosterone concentrations significantly in the treated dogs. Analyses revealed an overall effect of Group by Time (F = 10.9; P < 0.001), with treated groups having lower testosterone subsequently injection than did the control group (F = 165.7; P < 0.001). In contrast, changes in the serum testosterone levels in the control group were non statistically meaning (P > 0.05).

Effigy 3 depicts the levels of serum testosterone graphically over time. Following the injection of CaCl₂ in lidocaine solution (grouping A), testosterone decreased significantly for 6 months (F = 0.47; P < 0.003), although levels at T₃ returned to baseline. At 12 months following injection, testosterone levels for the group treated with CaCl₂ in booze (Grouping B) dropped 63.6%, as compared to baseline. Testosterone levels in group B decreased significantly and remained at the low end of the physiological range throughout the 12-month follow-up period (F = 65.1; P < 0.001).

Effigy three

Furnishings of intratesticular injection of CaCl _ii on serum testosterone levels over fourth dimension. Following the injection of CaCl₂ in lidocaine solution (group A), testosterone decreased significantly (F = 0.47; P < 0.003) for up to 6 months, although testosterone levels at 12 months returned to baseline. Afterward injection of calcium chloride in booze (group B), testosterone levels decreased significantly (F = 65.1, P < 0.001) throughout the 12-calendar month follow-upwards catamenia.

Full size image

Measurement of testicular width

Testicular width too varied by Group and Time (F = 412; P < 0.001). Average testicular width at baseline (T₀) was similar across groups. The control group showed no significant difference in testicular width over time (P > 0.05).

At T₀ versus (vs) T₃, the mean values of testicular width (mm) were 24.7 ± 1.5 vs 12.eight ± 1.0 in group A, 24.eight ± i.5 vs 12.2 ± 0.nine in grouping B, and 24.nine ± 2.1 vs 24.ix ± two.1 in the control grouping (C) (Effigy iv).

Effigy 4

Changes in testicular width after intratesticular injection of CaCl _ii . At 12 months (T_iii) afterwards treatment with CaCl_ii (grouping A and group B), significant reductions in testicular width were observed (*P < 0.001), as compared with no or minimal changes seen in the command (C) group.

Full size image

Afterwards treatment, the width of scrota had declined significantly in both of the CaCl₂-treated groups (A: F = 2036; P < 0.001 and B: F = 2235; P < 0.001) and was narrower than that of the control grouping (F = 802; P < 0.001). The average reduction in testicular width at T₃ was approximately 50% in both group A and group B.

Discussion

The aim of the electric current research was to study any potential improvement in the efficacy of using CaCl₂ as a nonsurgical sterilization method due to the chemical nature of the solvents. In this study, 2 diluents (lidocaine or alcohol) were tested for use with CaCl₂ as a sterilant for dogs. Our results indicate that booze was a superior solution for CaCl_ii administration, resulting in complete azoospermia over a 12-month period, decreased sexual behavior, and no side effects.

Alcohol lone is a chemical that causes testicular sclerosis. A study of intratesticular injection of absolute booze in rats demonstrated that levels of testosterone were equally depression every bit in surgically castrated rats [nine]. Studies of ethanol solutions of CaCl₂ have demonstrated the definite advantages of more than consistent efficacy, less hurting, and less peripheral inflammation [8].

In our written report involving canine male contraception, no or minimal signs of discomfort were observed following injection, with variation dependent on the agent injected. Minor transient pain occurred during the injection, as any needle inserted through skin volition cause somatic pain for an instant. The explanation for the relative lack of discomfort following the injection is that afferent nerve endings associated with pain sensation are located on the scrotal skin and in the capsule of the testis, rather than within the testicular and epididymal parenchyma [20]. Given the anatomy of the testes, severe testicular pain when experienced is visceral and triggered past rapid pressure deforming the testicular capsule. During chemic castration, it is important to evangelize the injection very slowly to avoid triggering the testicular force per unit area receptors. In our feel, dogs that had been injected with the alcohol tincture of CaCl_two exhibited less discomfort on the solar day following the injection than those injected with the lidocaine diluent.

Sperm analysis revealed that the injection of CaCl₂ in booze had long-term effectiveness at 1 year post-treatment, whereas the injection of CaCl_ii in lidocaine solution was effective in all dogs for 6 months. At the 1-year fourth dimension betoken, some of the dogs that had been treated with CaCl₂ in lidocaine solution regained residual production of sperm. Yet, nosotros cannot affirm that these dogs regained fertility, because the severe oligospermia and poor move of sperm were unlikely to consequence in impregnation. Nevertheless it is not possible to exclude that these dogs might regain sufficient sperm production in the future. Regeneration of seminiferous tubules has been reported 8 weeks afterward treatment with five% concentrations of CaCl_two, only not at higher dosages [5]. All the same, our long-term report found that sperm was produced in at to the lowest degree some dogs injected with CaCl_ii in lidocaine. Thus, our findings differ from reports of brusk-term studies of similar concentrations of CaCl₂ that ended that `permanent' sterilization had occurred [5],[6].

Semen volume decreased significantly in dogs injected with CaCl₂. This was due to a reduction of the 2nd sperm rich fraction of the ejaculate and indicates poor semen quality.

For contraception of stray male dogs, desirable methods require a sufficient reduction in the level of testosterone and, therefore, suppression of sexual beliefs. Although previous research on CaCl₂ in both diluents demonstrated a statistically meaning decrease in serum testosterone [5]-[7], it was not stated explicitly whether the testosterone levels had decreased to below that of physiological range. Prior investigations on the use of CaCl_two in lidocaine solution reported the necrotizing properties of CaCl_two, resulting in depression serum concentrations of testosterone [6],[7].

In the electric current study and our previous work [2], a significant decrease in testosterone in all CaCl₂-treated groups was measured, despite the fact that serum testosterone remained inside normal physiological levels over a 12 month period. In the current report, we also observed the disappearance of aggressive and sex-related behavior in the treated dogs throughout the study. To our knowledge, the modify in level of testosterone needed to upshot in a meaning subtract in or absence of canine sexual behavior has never been quantified. From the electric current written report, a reduction in testosterone levels to the depression terminate of the physiological range was sufficient to affect behavior. This is of import because a reduction in aggression and sexual behavior is commonly sought in canine sterilization programs.

The current study is the first to evaluate the long-term effects of dissimilar diluents used in CaCl_ii sterilization. Our findings demonstrate the high potential of xx% CaCl₂ in alcohol as a sterilant for use in stray male dogs. The sterilant fulfills the chief requirements for application to a population of stray canines. A single, bilateral intratesticular injection for stray dogs is effective in achieving long-term infertility, inhibits sexual beliefs, does non cause chronic stress to the brute, causes few inflammatory reactions, lacks other undesirable side effects, is hands performed, and is economic.

Conclusions

A single, bilateral intratesticular injection of twenty% CaCl_ii in alcohol produced azoospermia in all dogs at one year, representing an optimal method for sterilization in male dogs, whereas the furnishings of CaCl₂ in lidocaine solution lasted for simply six months. The sterilization approach using CaCl₂ in alcohol resulted in a durable reduction of testosterone, as compared to baseline levels, and reduced aggressive and sexual behavior. Intratesticular injection of CaCl₂ in booze appears to be an effective and reliable sterilization method in male dogs, making information technology a practiced potential alternative to surgical castration. Nevertheless more studies on a larger and more variable population of dogs in a wider weight range besides as in roaming dogs are needed to improve sympathize the applicability of this sterilization method on stray dogs.

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CaCl_two:

Calcium chloride

10 m:

Centrifugal force X gravity

°C:

Centigrade

dL:

Deciliter

F:

F-statistic (Fisher)

G:

Gauge

1000:

Gram

hCG:

Man chorionic gonadotrophin

I.U.:

International unit

IM:

Intramuscular

kg:

Kilogram

x:

Magnification

μL:

Microliter

mg:

Milligram

mm:

Millimeter

p:

p-value

SD:

Standard deviation

SEM:

Standard error of the mean

SC:

Subcutaneous

vs:

Versus

References

1. Briggs J: Non-surgical methods of dog population control - A cursory overview of current and future opportunities. In Book of Abstracts of the 1 ^st International Conference on Domestic dog Population Direction. FERA - Food and Environment Inquiry Agency York, Uk: 2012:21-22.

2. Leoci R, Aiudi K, Silvestre F, Lissner E, Lacalandra Grand: A dose-finding, long-term study on the use of calcium chloride in saline solution as a method of non-surgical sterilization in dogs: Evaluation of the near constructive concentration with the lowest chance. Acta Vet Scand. 2014, 56: 63-10.1186/s13028-014-0063-one.

   PubMed Central  Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

3. Koger LM: Calcium chloride, practical necrotizing amanuensis. Bovine Pract. 1977, 12: 118-119.

   Google Scholar

4. Koger LM: Calcium chloride castration. Modernistic Vet Pract. 1978, 59: 119-121.

   CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar

5. Samanta PK: Chemosterilization of devious dogs. Indian J Anim Hlth. 1998, 37: 61-62.

   Google Scholar

6. Jana K, Samanta PK: Sterilization of male person devious dogs with a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: a dose dependent report. Contraception. 2007, 75: 390-400. 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.022.

   CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

7. Jana G, Samanta PK: Clinical evaluation of non-surgical sterilization of male person cats with single intra-testicular injection of calcium chloride. BMC Vet Res. 2011, 7: 39-10.1186/1746-6148-seven-39.

   PubMed Central  CAS  Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

8. Koger LM: Calcium chloride, practical necrotizing agent. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Lodge of Creature Science. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.Due south.A.; 1977, 451:180.

9. Yoon KJ, Yoon YR: Chemical orchiectomy using accented booze injection into rat testicles. Korean J Urol. 1998, 39: 858-862.

   Google Scholar

10. Dixit VP, Lohiya NK, Arya Chiliad, Agrawal Yard: Chemic sterilization of male dogs later a single intra-testicular injection of "Danazol". Folia Biol. 1975, 23: 305-310.

    CAS  Google Scholar

11. Freeman MD, Coffey DS: Sterility in male animals induced by injection of chemical agents into the vas deferens. Fertil Steril. 1973, 24: 884-

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar

12. Ellingboe J, Varanelli CC: Ethanol inhibits testosterone biosynthesis by direct action on Leydig cells. J Lipid Res. 1970, 11: 266-273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar

13. Freshman JL: Semen drove and evaluation. Clin Technol Small Anim Pract. 2002, 17: 7-10.1053/svms.2002.34326.

    Article  Google Scholar

14. Kutzler MA: Semen drove in the dog. Theriogenology. 2005, 64: 747-754. ten.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

15. Leoci R, Aiudi Thousand, De Sandro Salvati A, Silvestre F, Binetti F, Lacalandra GM: Ultrasound as a mechanical method for male domestic dog contraception. Reprod Dom Anim. 2009, 44: 326-328. 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01426.10.

    Article  Google Scholar

16. Rijsselaere T, Van Soom A, Maes D, Nizanski West: Computer-assisted sperm analysis in dogs and cats: An update after xx years. Reprod Dom Anim. 2012, 47: 204-207. 10.1111/rda.12057.

    Article  Google Scholar

17. Santana M, Batista G, Alamo D, Cabrera F, Gonzalez F, Gracia A: Influence of sexual stimulation and the administration of human being chorionic gonadotropin on plasma testosterone levels in dogs. Reprod Dom Anim. 2012, 47: 43-46. 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01923.x.

    Article  Google Scholar

18. Hansen BD: Assessment of pain in dogs: Veterinarian clinical studies. ILAR J. 2003, 44: 197-205. 10.1093/ilar.44.3.197.

    CAS  Commodity  PubMed  Google Scholar

19. Woodall PF, Johnstone IP: Scrotal width as an alphabetize of testicular size in dogs and its relationship to body size. J Small-scale Anim Pract. 2008, 29: 543-547. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02306.x.

    Article  Google Scholar

20. Kutzler G, Wood A: Non-surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Theriogenology. 2006, 66: 514-525. x.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.014.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply grateful to Parsemus Foundation, Berkeley, California, U.s. for financial assistance, continuous support, and involvement in this study. Also, the authors acknowledge Linda Brent for analysis and interpretation of data and linguistic communication review and Holly Abrams for editing the paper.

Author information

Affiliations

1. Section of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Section of Veterinary Clinic and Creature Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, BA, Italia

   Raffaella Leoci, Giulio Aiudi, Fabio Silvestre & Giovanni M Lacalandra

2. Parsemus Foundation, Berkeley, 94702, CA, USA

   Elaine A Lissner

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raffaella Leoci.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

RL was involved in the concept and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of results, semen sampling and evaluation, and preparation of this manuscript. RL, GA, EAL were involved in the revision of report pattern. RL and GA performed the intratesticular injection of the dogs. GA and FS performed the ultrasonography. FS was involved in the clinical care of the dogs, blood sampling, and conquering of data. GML, EAL, LR were involved in revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and canonical the manuscript.

Authors' original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

This article is published nether license to BioMed Fundamental Ltd. This is an Open Admission article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatsoever medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The CreativeCommons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this commodity, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

Well-nigh this commodity

Cite this article

Leoci, R., Aiudi, G., Silvestre, F. et al. Alcohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chloride non-surgical sterilization in dogs. Acta Vet Scand 56, 62 (2014). https://doi.org/x.1186/s13028-014-0062-ii

Download commendation

• Received: 06 June 2013

• Accepted: 05 September 2014

• Published: 14 October 2014

• DOI : https://doi.org/x.1186/s13028-014-0062-2

Keywords

• Calcium chloride
• Canine
• Chemical castration
• Canis familiaris
• Nonsurgical sterilization
• Population management

bakerbearaince58.blogspot.com

Source: https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-014-0062-2

Share this post